Permeability: degree of fracturing
Coal seams have natural fractures, known as cleats. Cleats
act as a major transport system for gas and water flow within a coal seam.
There are two sets of cleats in coal, face and butt cleats. Face cleats
are longer than butt cleats, hence directional anisotropy in coal permeability
results from this phenomenon. Permeability of coal increases with cleat
density and cleat width. The flow capacity of fractured media depends almost
entirely on the number and width of fractures and their continuity (Dabbous
et al. 1974). Lingard, Phillips and Doig (1984) showed that the dimensions
of fractures influence coal permeability. The greater the fracture, the
higher is the permeability of the coal. Flow through cleats is generally
laminar flow.
Information relative to the cleat size and spacing in coal are useful
in predicting permeability,and generally the larger the cleat size and
cleat density, the higher the permeability. Secondary cleats also occur
in coal as a result of induced stress and changes to coal geological structure
or mining. These fractures normally cause permeability to increase, but
sometimes they do the opposite and reduce the permeability, and such situations
tend to occur in shear zones or near magmatic intrusions. According to
Hayes (1982) permeability in the fractured and crushed zone ahead of the
face side during mining is greater than permeability in the intact and
solid coal area. |